Almohad caliphate flag map

Yusuf ibn Tashfin

Ruler of Almoravid Dynasty (r. –)

Yusuf ibn Tashfin, also Tashafin, Teshufin, (Arabic: يوسف بن تاشفين ناصر الدين بن تالاكاكين الصنهاجي, romanized:&#;Yūsuf ibn Tāshfīn Naṣr al-Dīn ibn Tālākakīn al-Ṣanhājī; reigned c.&#; – ) was a Sanhaja leader of the Almoravid Empire.

He cofounded the city of Marrakesh and led the Muslim forces in the Battle of Sagrajas.

Yusuf ibn Tashfin came to al-Andalus from the Maghreb to help the Muslims fight against Alfonso VI of León, eventually achieving victory in Sagrajas and promoting an Islamic legal system in the region. In he took the title Amir al-Muslimin "Leader of the Muslims",[5] recognizing the suzerainty of the Abbasid caliph as Amir al-Mu'minin "Leader of the Believers".[6][7][8][9][10][11]

Rise to power

Yusuf ibn Tashfin was a Berber of the Banu Turgut, a branch of the Lamtuna, a tribe belonging to the Sanhaja confederacy.[12] The Sanhaja were linked by medieval Muslim genealogists with the Himyarite Kingdom through semi-mythical and mythical pre-Islamic kings and for some reason, some of the contemporary sources (e.g., ibn Arabi) add the nisba al-Himyari to Yusuf's name to indicate this legendary affiliation.

For example, his surname is documented as Al-Sanhaji al-Himyari in the 14th-century work of Ismail ibn al-Ahmar. Modern scholarship rejects this Berber–Yemeni link as fanciful.[13][14]

Abu Bakr ibn Umar, a leader of the Lamtuna and one of the original disciples of Abdallah ibn Yasin, who served as a spiritual liaison for followers of the Maliki school, was appointed chief commander after the death of his brother Yahya ibn Umar al-Lamtuni.

His brother oversaw the military for ibn Yasin but was killed in the Battle of Tabfarilla against the Godala in Ibn Yasin, too, would die in battle against the Barghawata three years later.

Abu Bakr was an able general, taking the fertile Sous and its capital Aghmat a year after his brother's death, and would go on to suppress numerous revolts in the Sahara, on one such occasion entrusting his pious cousin Yusuf with the stewardship of Sous and thus the whole of his northern provinces.

He appears to have handed him this authority in the interim but even went as far as to give Yusuf his wife, Zaynab an-Nafzawiyyah, purportedly the richest woman of Aghmat.[15] This sort of trust and favor on the part of a seasoned veteran and savvy politician reflected the general esteem in which Yusuf was held, not to mention the power he attained as a military figure in his absence.

Daunted by Yusuf's new-found power, Abu Bakr saw any attempts at recapturing his post as politically unfeasible and returned to the fringes of the Sahara to settle the unrest of the southern frontier.

The Guardian of Andalusia (Spain): Sultan Yusuf bin Tashfin ... His son and successor, Ali ibn Yusuf , was viewed as just as devout a Muslim as his father. Fage says that he was even more pious than Yusuf but lacked his "vigor" and "statesmanship. He saw the lax behavior of the taifa kings, both spiritually and militarily, as a breach of Islamic law and principles, and left Africa with the express purpose of usurping the power of all the Muslim principalities, under the auspices of the Abbasid caliph of Baghdad , with whom he had shared correspondence, and under the slogan:. Najmabadi and Weber, commentary pp.

Expansion in Maghreb

Yusuf was an effective general and strategist who put together a formidable Army comprising Sudanese contingents, Christian mercenaries and the Saharan tribes of the Gudala, Lamtuna and Masufa,[16] which enabled him to expand the empire, crossing the Atlas Mountains onto the plains of Morocco, reaching the Mediterranean Sea and capturing Fez in , Tangier and Oujda in , Tlemcen in , and Ceuta in , as well as Algiers, Ténès and Oran in – He is regarded as the co-founder of the famous Moroccan city Marrakech (in Berber Murakush, corrupted to Morocco in English).

The site had been chosen and work started by Abu Bakr in The work was completed by Yusuf, who then made it the capital of his empire, in place of the former capital Aghmāt.

Conquest of Al-Andalus

Taifa appeal

In the year , the last sovereign king of al-Andalus, al-Mu'tamid, saw his Abbadid-inherited taifa of Seville, controlled since , in jeopardy of being taken by the increasingly stronger king of León, Alfonso VI.

The Taifa period followed the demise of the UmayyadCaliphate. Previously, the emir had launched a series of aggressive attacks on neighboring kingdoms, so as to amass more territory for himself, but his military aspirations and capabilities paled in comparison to those of the Leonese king, who in the name of Christendom, in , captured Toledo and exacted parias, or tribute, from Muslim princes in places such as Granada, al-Mu'tamid of Seville being no exception.

The tribute of the emirs bolstered the economy of the Christian kingdom and harmed the Muslim economy. These are the circumstances that led to the Almoravid conquest and the famous quote, rebuffing his son, Rashid, who advised him not to call on Yusuf ibn Tashfin, where al-Mu'tamid said:

I have no desire to be branded by my descendants as the man who delivered al-Andalus as prey to the infidels.

I am loath to have my name cursed in every Muslim pulpit. And, for my part, I would rather be a camel-driver in Africa than a swineherd in Castile.[17]

Battle of az-Zallaqah

Main article: Battle of Sagrajas

By the time Abu Bakr died in , after a skirmish in the Sahara as the result of a poison arrow, Yusuf had crossed over into al-Andalus and also achieved victory at the Battle of az-Zallaqah, also known as the Battle of Sagrajas in the west.

He came to al-Andalus with a force of 15, men, armed with javelins and daggers, most of his soldiers carrying two swords, shields, cuirass of the finest leather and animal hide, and accompanied by drummers for psychological effect. Yusuf's cavalry was said to have included 6, shock troops from Senegal mounted on white Arabian horses.

Yusuf ibn yasif: Forgot password? Yusuf also established naval bases in Cadiz, Almeria and neighboring ports along the Mediterranean. Sign in Get help with access You could not be signed in, please check and try again. Much of what has been written about the Almoravids, whether from Almohad or Christian sources, was propaganda.

Camels were also put to use. On October 23, , the Almoravid forces, accompanied by 10, Andalusian fighters from local Muslim provinces, decisively checked the Reconquista, significantly outnumbering and defeating the largest Christian army ever assembled up to that point. The death of Yusuf's heir, however, prompted his speedy return to Africa.

Integration of Taifas

When Yusuf returned to al-Andalus in , he tried to take Toledo without success. He saw the lax behavior of the taifa kings, both spiritually and militarily, as a breach of Islamic law and principles, and left Africa with the express purpose of usurping the power of all the Muslim principalities, under the auspices of the Abbasidcaliph of Baghdad, with whom he had shared correspondence, and under the slogan:

The spreading of righteousness, the correction of injustice and the abolition of unlawful taxes.[18]

The emirs in such cities as Seville, Badajoz, Almeria and Granada had grown accustomed to the extravagant ways of the west.

On top of paying tribute to the Christians and giving Andalusian Jews unprecedented freedoms and authority, they had levied burdensome taxes on the populace to maintain this lifestyle. After a series of fatwas and careful deliberation, Yusuf saw the implementation of orthodoxy as long overdue. That year, he exiled the emirs 'Abdallah and his brother Tamim from Granada and Málaga, respectively, to Aghmāt, and a year later al-Mutamid of Seville suffered the same fate.

Yusuf ibn tashfin biography sample format Ibn-Maymun, the governor of Almeria, had a fleet at his disposal. Much of what has been written about the Almoravids, whether from Almohad or Christian sources, was propaganda. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article. The Almoravid confederation, which consisted of a hierarchy of Lamtuna, Musaffa and Djudalla Berbers, represented the military's elite.

When all was said and done, Yusuf united all of the Muslim dominions of the Iberian Peninsula, with the exception of Zaragoza, to the Kingdom of Morocco, and situated his royal court at Marrakech. He took the title of Amir al-muslimin (Prince of the Muslims), seeing himself as humbly serving the Caliph of Baghdad, but to all intents and purposes he was considered the caliph of the western Islamic empire.

The military might of the Almoravids was at its peak.

Military structure

The Sanhaja confederation, which consisted of a hierarchy of Lamtuna, Musaffa and Djudalla Berbers, represented the military's top brass. Amongst them were AndalusianChristians and heretic Africans, taking up duties as diwan al-gund, Yusuf's own personal bodyguard, including 2, black horsemen, whose tasks also included registering soldiers and making sure they were compensated financially.

The occupying forces of the Almoravids were made up largely of horsemen, totaling no less than 20, Into the major cities of al-Andalus, Seville (7,), Granada (1,), Cordoba (1,), 5, bordering Castile and 4, in western al-Andalus, succeeding waves of horsemen, in conjunction with the garrisons that had been left there after the Battle of Sagrajas, made responding, for the Taifaemirs, difficult.

Soldiers on foot used bows & arrows, sabres, pikes, javelins, each protected by a cuirass of Moroccan leather and iron-spiked shields.

During the siege of the fort-town Aledo, in Murcia, previously captured by the SpaniardGarcia Giménez, Almoravid and Andalusian hosts are said to have used catapults, in addition to their customary drumbeat.

Yusuf also established naval bases in Cadiz, Almeria and neighboring ports along the Mediterranean Sea. Ibn Maymun, the governor of Almeria, had a fleet at his disposal. Another such example is the Banu Ghaniya fleet stationed off the Balearic Islands that dominated the affairs of the western Mediterranean for much of the 12th century.[19]

Siege of Valencia

Although the Almoravids had not gained much in the way of territory from the Christians, rather than merely offsetting the Reconquista, Yusuf did succeed in capturing Valencia.

A city divided between Muslims and Christians, under the weak rule of a petty emir paying tribute to the Christians, including the famous El Cid, Valencia proved to be an obstacle for the Almoravid military, despite their untouchable reputation. Abu Bakr ibn Ibrahim ibn Tashfin and Yusuf's nephew Abu 'Abdullah Muhammad both failed to defeat El Cid.

Yusuf then sent Abu'l-Hasan 'Ali al-Hajj, but he was not successful either.

In , on his fourth trip to al-Andalus, Yusuf sought to personally dig down and fight the armies of Alfonso VI, making his way towards all but abandoned, yet historically important, Toledo. Such a concerted effort was meant to draw the Christian forces, including those laying siege to Valencia, into the center of Iberia.

On August 15, , the Almoravids delivered yet another blow to Alfonso's forces, the Battle of Consuegra in which El Cid's son Diego was killed.

Muhammad ibn 'A'isha, Yusuf's son, whom he had appointed governor of Murcia, succeeded in holding back the Cid's forces at Alcira; still not capturing the city, but satisfied with the results of his campaigns, Yusuf left for his court at Marrakesh, only to return two years later in a new effort to take the provinces of eastern al-Andalus.

After El Cid died in the same year, , his wife Jimena began ruling until the coming of another Almoravid campaign at the tail end of , led by Yusuf's trusted lieutenant Mazdali ibn Tilankan. After a seven-month siege, Alfonso and Jimena, despairing of the prospects of staving off the Almoravids, set fire to the great mosque in anger and abandoned the city.

  • ʿalī ibn yūsuf
  • Why did the almoravids attack ghana
  • Murabitun
  • Tashfin meaning

    • Yusuf had finally conquered Valencia achieving dominance over eastern al-Andalus. He receives mention in the oldest Spanish epic Poema del Cid, also known as El Cantar del Mio Cid.

    Description and character

    He was described as:

    A wise and shrewd man, neither too prompt in his determinations, nor too slow in carrying them into effect

    Yusuf was very much adapted to the rugged terrain of the Sahara and had no interests in the pomp of the Andalusian courts.[20] He spoke Arabic poorly.[21]

    According to medieval Arabic writers, Yusuf was of average build and stature.

    He is further described as having:

    had a clear brown complexion and he had a thin beard. His voice was soft, his speech elegant. His eyes were black, his nose was hooked, and he had fat on the fleshy portions of his ears. His hair was curly and his eyebrows met above his nose.[22]

    Legacy

    He was married to Zaynab an-Nafzawiyyah, whom he reportedly trusted in political matters.[23]

    His son and successor, Ali ibn Yusuf, was viewed as just as devout a Muslim as his father.

    Ali ibn Yusuf in exercised good stewardship by attending to the University of Al-Karaouine and ordering the extension of the mosque from 18 to 21 aisles, expanding the structure to more than 3, square meters.

    Yusuf ibn tashfin biography sample Ibn Khaldun famously characterized Islamic history as cyclical, in which zealous religious reformists such as the Almohads sweep into towns from the desert, where a puritan life-style and strong group feeling are natural, establish rule then themselves become lax and in this case break their promises as the "toughness of desert life" is lost. New nodes attack strategies for real complex weighted networks Davide Cassi. For more guidance, see Wikipedia:Translation. Previous Yury Olesha.

    Some accounts suggest that to carry out this work Ali ibn Yusuf hired two Andalusian architects, who also built the central aisle of the Great Mosque of Tlemcen, Algeria, in

    Córdoba, in about , served as the launch pad for Andalusian insurrection. Christians on the northern frontier gained momentum shortly after Yusuf bin Tashfin's death, and the Almohads, beginning about , were to engulf the southern frontier.

    This ultimately led to the disintegration of Yusuf's hard-gained territories by the time of Ibrahim ibn Tashfin () and Ishaq ibn Ali (–), the last of the Almoravid dynasty.

    In popular culture

    • In the movie El Cid, Yusuf ibn Tashfin is portrayed, under the name "Ben Yussuf", by Herbert Lom.
    • Yusuf appears in Age of Empires II: The Conquerors as one of the primary antagonists in the "El Cid" campaign.

      However, he is described as "never showing his face", always covering it with a cloth.

    • Yusuf ibn Tashfin appears as protagonist in Naseem Hijazi's Urdu Novel "Yusuf bin Tashfeen".
    • Yusuf ibn Tashfin appears as Hero in the Drama Serial "Pukaar", presented by Pakistan's Pakistan Television Corporation in In this series, the main characters were Yousaf bin Tashfin (played by Asal Din Khan), Zainab (Yousaf's wife), Ali (Yousaf's son), Alfonso VI (played by Ayub Khosa), Mutamid bin Abi Abbad (played by Hissam Qazi (Late)), and a princess of Leon (played by Laila Wasti).
    • Yusuf appears in El Cid: the Legend as the primary antagonist.

      In the film, he is a cruel, unforgiving and evil man, contrary to his alleged reputation as an honorable man.

    References

    1. ^ben Khaled En-Naciri Es-Slaoui, Ahmed (). Archives Marocaines kitab al-istiqsa li-akhbar doual al-maghrib al -aqsa (Histoire du Maroc) (in French).

      Vol.&#;XXXI. Direction des affaires indigenes et du service des renseignements (section sociologique). p.&#;

    2. ^ben Khaled En-Naciri Es-Slaoui, Ahmed (). Archives Marocaines kitab al-istiqsa li-akhbar doual al-maghrib al -aqsa (Histoire du Maroc) (in French). Vol.&#;XXXI. Direction des affaires indigenes et du service des renseignements (section sociologique).

      p.&#;

    3. ^"Femmes médiévales | Études marocaines, Osire Glacier" (in French). Retrieved
    4. ^al-Fāsī, ʻAlī ibn ʻAbd Allāh Ibn Abī Zarʻ; al-Gharnāṭī, Ṣāliḥ ibn ʻAbd al-Ḥalīm (). Roudh el-Kartas: Histoire des souverains du Maghreb (Espagne et Maroc) et annales de la ville de Fès (in French).

      Impr. impériale. p.&#;

    5. ^Fierro, Maribel (). ʿAbd al-Mu'min: Mahdism and Caliphate in the Islamic West. Simon and Schuster. ISBN&#;.
    6. ^Freeman-Grenville, Greville Stewart Parker; Munro-Hay, Stuart C. (). Historical Atlas of Islam. Continuum. ISBN&#;.
    7. ^Freeman-Grenville, Greville Stewart Parker; Munro-Hay, Stuart Christopher (26 January ).

      Islam: An Illustrated History. Bloomsbury Academic. ISBN&#;.

    8. ^Encyclopedia of Religion. Macmillan Reference USA. ISBN&#;.
    9. ^Halverson, Jeffry R.; Greenberg, Nathaniel (5 October ). Islamists of the Maghreb. Routledge. ISBN&#;.
    10. ^Flood, Finbarr Barry; Necipoglu, Gulru (16 June ).

      A Companion to Islamic Art and Architecture. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN&#;.

    11. ^The Arts of Ornamental Geometry: A Persian Compendium on Similar and Complementary Interlocking Figures. A Volume Commemorating Alpay Özdural. BRILL. 28 August ISBN&#;.
    12. ^Ferhat, Halima.

      "Yūsuf b. Tās̲h̲ufīn". In Bearman, P.; Bianquis, Th.; Bosworth, C.E.; van Donzel, E.; Heinrichs, W.P. (eds.). Encyclopaedia of Islam. Vol.&#;XI (2nd&#;ed.). Leiden, Netherlands: Brill Publishers.

    14. Yūsuf ibn Tāshufīn
    15. Berber Leader, Moroccan Sultan ...

      16. p.&#; ISBN&#;.

    16. ^De Felipe, Helena (). Bowen Savant, Sarah; De Felipe, Helena (eds.). Genealogy and Knowledge in Muslim Societies. Edinburgh University Press. pp.&#;55– ISBN&#;.
    17. ^Robin, C. (). "Himyar/Himyarites". In Camps, Gabriel (ed.). Encyclopédie berbère.

      Vol.&#;23 | Hiempsal – Icosium. Aix-en-Provence: Edisud.

      Yusuf ibn tashfin biography sample pdf His son and successor, Ali ibn Yusuf , was viewed as just as devout a Muslim as his father. He then attended the famous university at Kairouan where he gained the support of an established teacher, ibn Yasin, a Maliki jurist. The lesson that can be learned from his legacy is that when leaders fail to keep promises, others will question their moral right to rule and engineer their downfall. Username Please enter your Username.

      ISBN&#;.

    18. ^"Yusuf ibn Tashufin &#; biography - Almoravid ruler &#; Encyclopædia Britannica". Retrieved
    19. ^Halima Ferhat, “Yūsuf b. Tās̲h̲ufīn”, in: Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition, Edited by: P. Bearman, Th. Bianquis, C.E. Bosworth, E. van Donzel, W.P. Heinrichs. Consulted online on 30 August <>
    20. ^The Poems of Mu'tamid, King of Seville - Dulcie Lawrence Smith - Adobe Reader PDF eBook - eBookMall eBooksArchived October 1, , at the Wayback Machine
    21. ^"Medieval Spains: Seville".

      Archived from the original on Retrieved

    22. ^Sourdel, D.; Vilá, J.B. (). Regierung und Verwaltung des vorderen Orients in islamischer Zeit: Teil 2. Vol.&#;2. Brill. ISBN&#;. Retrieved
    23. ^Shaw, F.L. (). A Tropical Dependency: An Outline of the Ancient History of the Western Sudan with an Account of the Modern Settlement of Northern Nigeria.

      Black Classic Press. ISBN&#;. Retrieved

    24. ^Ludwig W. Adamec (). Historical Dictionary of Islam. Rowman & Littlefield. p.&#; ISBN&#;.
    25. ^Norris, H. T. (). The Berbers in Arabic Literature. Longman. p.&#; ISBN&#;. Retrieved 20 August
    26. ^Mernissi, Fatima; Mary Jo Lakeland ().

      The forgotten queens of Islam. Oxford University Press. ISBN&#;

    Sources

    • Richard Fletcher, Moorish Spain, (University of California Press, )
    • Ibn Idhari, Al-bayan al-mughrib Part III, annotated Spanish translation by A. Huici Miranda, Valencia,
    • N. Levtzion & J.F.P.

      Hopkins, Corpus of early Arabic sources for West African history, Cambridge University Press, , ISBN&#; (reprint: Markus Wiener, Princeton, , ISBN&#;). Contains English translations of extracts from medieval works dealing with the Almoravids; the selections cover some (but not all) of the information above.

    • E.

      A. Freeman, History and Conquests of the Saracens, (Oxford, )

    • Codera, Decadencia y desaparición de los Almorávides en España ()
    • H. R. Idris, Regierung und Verwaltung des vorderen Orients in islamischer Zeit, (Brill Academic Publishers, )