Hernando putra biography of christopher columbus

Spanish bibliophile and cosmographer, son of Christopher Columbus

Ferdinand Columbus (Spanish: Fernando or Hernando Colón; Portuguese: Fernando Colombo; Italian: Fernando Colombo; 15 August – 12 July ) was a Spanish bibliographer^[1] and cosmographer, the second son of Christopher Columbus.

His mother was Beatriz Enriquez de Arana, whom his father never married.

Biography

Ferdinand Columbus was born in Córdoba, Spain on 15 August ,^[2] the son of Christopher Columbus and Beatriz Enríquez de Arana.

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He had one brother, Diego Columbus, from his father's earlier marriage. Ferdinand's parents never married, possibly because the Arana family lacked the social standing that was important to Columbus's ambitions. Fernando's illegitimacy was never an impediment to his advancement. His father legally recognized him and contemporary social norms were tolerant of children born out of wedlock.^[4]

When Ferdinand was born, Columbus was not yet the famous explorer, spending much of his time at the royal court of Ferdinand II of Aragon and Isabella I of Castile where he hoped to gain their support for his proposed voyage across the Atlantic to the Indies.

Meanwhile, Fernando and his brother Diego were raised by Beatriz and her family in Cordoba for the next few years. When Columbus returned from his first voyage in , he instantly won fame and honors. In March , Ferdinand and his brother were presented at court in Valladolid where they were appointed to serve as pages in the retinue of Prince Juan, a significant honor and a sign of their father's standing at court.

Even though Ferdinand had only a minor role in a retinue of more than persons, he did benefit from the education that was provided for the prince and his court. He received training in theology, Latin and Spanish grammar, history, philosophy, and music. Instruction was provided by notable humanists and theologians including Antonio de Nebrija and Peter Martyr d'Anghiera.

Ferdinand excelled in his studies and may have become something like an apprentice to Peter Martyr. After the young prince died unexpectedly in , Ferdinand became a page for Queen Isabella, enabling him to continue with his education.^[5][6]

In , Fernando's father returned from his third voyage, under arrest for mismanagement of the colony at Hispaniola.

The Crown called it a misunderstanding and ordered his immediate release but it was clear that his standing at court was at a low point. Anxious to lead a fourth voyage and redeem his reputation, he worked with Fernando and the Carthusian monk Gaspar Goricio to assemble a manuscript called the Book of Prophecies (Libro de las profecias).

It was an eclectic collection of biblical texts, quotes from ancient authorities and commentaries designed to show that Columbus's work was part of God's design to spread Christianity and recapture Jerusalem. Fernando had a hand in development of the text, but the extent of his contributions has been widely debated.^[7][8]

By , Columbus won approval from the Crown for a fourth voyage with the goal of finding a western route to the Indian Ocean.

Fernando, at age thirteen, accompanied his father when the small fleet of four ships left Cadiz on 9 May Fernando's role on this voyage is not known, but he retained his position as a royal page and received a daily allowance of maravedís—an extravagant sum for a nine-year-old page. This fourth and final voyage turned out to be the most dangerous and difficult.

While exploring the Central American coast from Honduras to Panama, they were beset by storms, disease, mutiny, and battles with hostile natives.

Hernando putra biography of christopher columbus for kids On page xxiv, the 25 April dedication by Giuseppe Moleto states:. More remarkable than the size of his collection, though at some 3, prints it is large, is the catalogue with meticulous descriptions that he had his secretaries make. This duality highlights how Columbus, often celebrated as a pioneering explorer, also stands as a symbol of conquest and colonization that irrevocably changed the world. However, the legacy of Columbus is complex and controversial.

After losing one ship, they attempted to return to Hispaniola for much needed repairs but another storm marooned them on Jamaica where they waited for nearly a year before being rescued and brought to Hispaniola in August Fernando and his father embarked for Spain in September ^[9]

When they reached Seville in November , Fernando remained to care for his father who was very ill.

The expedition had been a failure, and later that month they received word that Isabella had died. It was a blow for both father and son because the queen had been their most important patron. In May , Columbus died. Contrary to popular legend, Fernando's father was not a pauper when he died but a wealthy man. The brothers inherited a sizable estate and Diego, as the first-born son, received his father's titles and privileges.

However, the extent and value of these honors was very much in doubt and would require years of litigation.^[10]

Ferdinand did not return to court after his father's death. Instead he focused his efforts on the legal battles to enforce the agreements with the crown that granted to Columbus and his descendants extensive rights and privileges in the New World.

Diego would be the primary beneficiary, but Fernando felt it was a matter of family honor and loyalty.

Hernando putra biography of christopher columbus book Italian Explorer and Navigator Christopher Columbus Biography Christopher Columbus was an Italian explorer who made historical voyages across the Atlantic, mistakenly discovering the Americas in Columbus' complicated legacy continues to spark debate and reflection in contemporary society. Christopher Columbus, known as Cristoforo Colombo in his native Italy, was a pivotal figure in the Age of Exploration. Ashgate,

The first series of lawsuits and petitions (known as the pleitos colombinos began in and lasted until In July Fernando accompanied Diego to Hispaniola when his brother had been named governor. Fernando remained only a couple months and then returned to Spain to continue the lawsuits on behalf of the family.^[6]

Library

As an adult, Columbus was known as a scholar.

He had a generous income from his father's New World demesne and used a sizeable fraction of it to buy books. Columbus travelled extensively around Europe to gather books, eventually amassing a personal library of over 15, volumes.^[12][13] This library was patronized by educated people in Spain and elsewhere, including the Dutch philosopher Erasmus.^[14]

The impressively large library was unique in several ways.

• First, Columbus personally noted each and every book that he or his associates acquired by listing the date of purchase, the location and how much was paid. Columbus had his associates prepare summaries of each book in his collection and devised a hieroglyphic blueprint of his library.^[12] In , history professor Guy Lazure serendipitously stumbled upon the massive catalog, known as the Libro de los Epítomes, long thought lost and consisting of leaves of paper, while conducting unrelated research.^[15]
• Secondly, he sought to take advantage of a recent technological development by devoting the bulk of his purchases to printed books instead of manuscripts.

  As a result, the library acquired a sizeable number (currently 1, titles) of incunabula, or books printed in the years –

• Third, he employed full-time librarians who, as the scholar Klaus Wagner noted, were required to live on the premises to ensure that their top priority would be the library itself.^[16]

Ferdinand Columbus inherited his father's personal library.

What remains of these volumes contains much valuable information on Christopher Columbus, his interests, and his explorations.

Provisions were made in Ferdinand Columbus's will to ensure that the library would be maintained after his death, specifically that the collection would not be sold and that more books would be purchased.

However, his nephew who inherited the collection took no interest in it and left it abandoned for five years in Maria de Toledo.^[17] Even once the collection was transferred from Maria de Toledo, first to San Pablo and then to the Seville Cathedral (Ferdinand's second choice for inheritance of the books), the collection fell victim to destruction during the Inquisition as well as poor storage conditions.^[18]

During this time of disputed ownership, the library's size was reduced to about 7, titles.

This gradually was reduced to fewer than 4, books, around a quarter of the initial library.^[12] However, what remains of Ferdinand Columbus's library continues to be maintained at the Seville Cathedral.^[17] Today, a part of the Biblioteca Colombina, it is accessible for consultation by scholars, students, and bibliophiles alike.^[19]

The Libro de los Epítomes or book of summaries of Columbus' collection was found and identified in the Arnamagnæan Collection at the University of Copenhagen in ^[20][21]

In , a year old catalog belonging to Ferdinand Columbus was discovered by Guy Lazure, Professor of History at the University of Windsor.

Columbus held the largest collection in sixteenth-century Europe, and the 2,page bibliography has no title page or identifying information, marking it virtually impossible to identify.^[22][23]

Print collection

Ferdinand Columbus was also a large-scale collector of old master prints and popular prints.

More remarkable than the size of his collection, though at some 3, prints it is large, is the catalogue with meticulous descriptions that he had his secretaries make. This survives, although the collection itself has long gone, presumably dispersed at an early date.^[24] This manuscript catalogue was published by Mark P. McDonald in , with a single volume monograph the next year (see References).

Biography of father

Columbus wrote a biography of his father in Spanish that was translated into Italian, Historie del S. D. Fernando Colombo; nelle quali s'ha particolare, & vera relatione della vita, & de fatti dell'Ammiraglio D. Cristoforo Colombo, suo padre: Et dello scoprimento ch'egli fece dell'Indie Occidentali, dette Mondo Nuovo (The life of the Admiral Christopher Columbus by his son Ferdinand).^[25]

In the first paragraph of page 3 of Keen's translation, Columbus dismissed the fanciful story that his father descended from the Colonus mentioned by Tacitus.

However, he refers to "those two illustrious Coloni, his relatives". According to Note 1, on page , the two "were corsairs not related to each other or to Christopher Columbus, one being Guillame de Casenove, nicknamed Colombo, Admiral of France in the reign of Louis XI". At the top of page 4, Columbus listed Nervi, Cugureo, Bugiasco, Savona, Genoa and Piacenza (all inside the former Republic of Genoa) as possible places of origin.

He also stated:

Colombo was really the name of his ancestors. But he changed it in order to make it conform to the language of the country in which he came to reside and raise a new estate.

The publication of Historie has been used by historians as providing indirect evidence about the Genoese origin of his father.

Columbus's manuscript was eventually inherited by his playboy nephew, Luis, who was always short of money and sold the manuscript to Baliano de Fornari, "a wealthy and public-spirited Genoese physician". On page xv, Keen wrote, "In the depth of winter the aged Fornari set out for Venice, the publishing center of Italy, to supervise the translation and publication of the book".

On page xxiv, the 25 April dedication by Giuseppe Moleto states:

Your Lordship [Fornari], then, being an honorable and generous gentleman, desiring to make immortal the memory of this great man, heedless of your Lordship's seventy years, of the season of the year, and of the length of the journey, came from Genoa to Venice with the aim of publishing the aforementioned book that the exploits of this eminent man, the true glory of Italy and especially of your Lordship's native city, might be made known.

Death

Fernando Colón died at Seville on 12 July and is buried in the Cathedral of Seville.

Notes

References

• Bergreen, Laurence (). Columbus&#;: the four voyages. New York: Viking. ISBN&#;.
• Chapman, Catherine Weeks ().

  "Printed Collections of Polyphonic Music Owned by Ferdinand Columbus". Journal of the American Musicological Society. 21 (1): 34– doi/ ISSN&#; JSTOR&#;

• Cohen, J. M. (). The Four Voyages of Christopher Columbus: Being His Own Log-Book, Letters and Dispatches with Connecting Narrative Drawn from the Life of the Admiral by His Son Hernando Colon and Other Contemporary Historians.

  New York, NY: Penguin. ISBN&#;. OCLC&#;

• Colon, Fernando (). Keen, Benjamin (ed.). The Life of the Admiral Christopher Columbus by his Son Ferdinand. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press. ISBN&#;.
• Davidson, Miles H. ().
  Biography of marco polo As Columbus matured, he sought to expand his knowledge by studying sailing and mapmaking. However, they also initiated a legacy of exploitation and devastation for native populations, as introduced European diseases and aggressive colonization efforts decimated indigenous societies. Like this: Like Loading We assure our audience that we will remove any contents that are not accurate or according to formal reports and queries if they are justified.

  Columbus Then and Now: A Life Reexamined. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press. ISBN&#;. OCLC&#;

• Delaney, Carol (). "Columbus's Ultimate Goal: Jerusalem"(PDF). Comparative Studies in Society and History. 48 (2): – doi/S ISSN&#; S2CID&#;
• Flood, Alison. 'Extraordinary' year-old library catalogue reveals books lost to time." The Guardian
• Kimmel, Seth ().

  "Early Modern Iberia, Indexed: Hernando Colón's Cosmography". Journal of the History of Ideas. 82 (1): 1– doi/jhi PMID&#; S2CID&#;

• Lombana Sánchez, Alfonso (). Hernando Colón y la Biblioteca Colombina. Ultreia.
• McDonald, Mark P. (). The print collection of Ferdinand Columbus&#;: ()&#;: a Renaissance collector in Seville.

  London: British Museum Press. ISBN&#;. OCLC&#;

• McDonald, Mark P. (). Ferdinand Columbus&#;: Renaissance Collector (). British Museum. London: British Museum Press. ISBN&#;. OCLC&#;
• Pérez Fernández, José María and Edward Wilson-Lee. Hernando Colón's New World of Books&#;: Toward a Cartography of Knowledge. New Haven: Yale University Press.
• Stolley, Karen ().

  "Sins of the Father: Hernando Colon's "Life of the Admiral"". Latin American Literary Review. 21 (41): 53– ISSN&#; JSTOR&#;

• Taviani, Paolo Emilio (). Christopher Columbus&#;: The Grand Design. London: Istituto Geografico de Agostini.
• Taviani, Paolo Emilio ().

  "Colon, Fernando". In Bedini, Silvio A. (ed.). The Christopher Columbus Encyclopedia. Vol.&#;1. Simon and Schuster.

  Biography of charles darwin: His landfall in the Bahamas not only opened the door to further exploration but also signaled the start of European colonization in the New World. Subsequent voyages revealed the stark realities of colonial exploitation and the devastating impact of introduced diseases on native populations. His estimates of the wealth he would find were vastly overstated, leading to dissatisfaction among his investors and the Crown. Genoa , Republic of Genoa.

  pp.&#;–

• Vacalebre, Natale (). "Navigating the Seas of Human Knowledge: Hernardo Colón and the New World of Books". Mediterranea. International Journal on the Transfer of Knowledge. 7: – doi/mijtk.v7i ISSN&#; S2CID&#;
• Wilson-Lee, Edward (). The Catalogue of Shipwrecked Books (First Scribner hardcover&#;ed.).

  New York. ISBN&#;. OCLC&#;: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)

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